Ahn, G.O., Brown, J.M. (2008) Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is required for tumor vasculogenesis but not for angiogenesis: role of bone marrow-derived myelomonocytic cells. Cancer Cell. 13, 193-205Aoki, N., Yokoyama, R., Asai, N., Ohki, M., Ohki, Y., Kusubata, K., Heissig, B., Hattori, K., Nakagawa, Y., Matsuda, T. (2010) Adipocyte-derived microvesicles are associated with multiple angiogenic factors and induce angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Endocrinology 151, 2567-2576Alderton, W.K., Cooper, C.E., Knowles, R.G. (2001) Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition. Biochem J. 357, 593-615Asahara, T., Masuda, H., Takahashi, T., Kalka, C., Pastore, C., Silver, M., Kearne, M., Magner, M., Isner, JM. (1999) Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization. Circ Res. 85, 221-228Asahara T., Murohara T., Sullivan A., Silver M., van der Zee R., Li T., Witzenbichler B., Schatteman G., Isner J.M. (1997) Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science 275, 964-967Bienvenu, F., Gascan, H., Coqueret, O. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 16840-16847Bays, H.E. (2011) Adiposopathy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 57, 2461-2473Bence, K.K., Delibegovic, M., Xue, B., Gorgun, C.Z., Hotamisligil, G.S., Neel, B.G., Kahn, B.B. (2006) Neuronal PTP1B regulates body weight, adiposity and leptin action. Nat Med. 12, 917-924Berg, A.H., Scherer, P.E. (2005) Adipose tissue, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 96, 939-949Biro, F.M., Wien, M. (2010) Childhood obesity and adult morbidities. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 91, 1499S-1505SBrug, J., van Stralen, M.M., Te Velde, S.J., Chinapaw, M.J., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Lien, N., Bere, E., Maskini, V., Singh, A.S., Maes, L., Moreno, L., Jan, N., Kovacs, E., Lobstein, T., Manios, Y. (2012) Differences in Weight Status and Energy-Balance Related Behaviors among Schoolchildren across Europe: The ENERGY-Project. PLoS One 7, e34742Buxton, J.L., Walters, R.G., Visvikis-Siest, S., Meyre, D., Froguel, P., Blakemore, A.I. (2011) Childhood obesity is associated with shorter leukocyte telomere length. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96, 1500-1505Cassidy, A.E., Bielak, L.F., Zhou, Y., Sheedy, P.F., Turner, S.T., Breen, J.F., Araoz, P.A., Kullo, I.J., Lin, X., Peyser, P.A. (2005) Progression of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis: does obesity make a difference? Circulation 111, 1877-1882Celermajer, D.S., Ayer, J.G. (2006) Childhood risk factors for adult cardiovascular disease and primary prevention in childhood. Heart 92, 1701-170634Cheng, A., Uetani, N., Simoncic, P.D., Chaubey, V.P., Lee-Loy, A., McGlade, C.J., Kennedy, B.P., Tremblay, M.L. (2002) Attenuation of leptin action and regulation of obesity by protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Dev Cell. 2, 497-503Cooke, C.L., Davidge, S.T. (2002) Peroxynitrite increases iNOS through NF-kappaB and decreases prostacyclin synthase in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 282, C395-402Cooney, R.N. (2002) Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS): inhibitors of the JAK/STAT pathway. Shock 17, 83-90Deanfield, J.E., Halcox, J.P., Rabelink, T.J. (2007) Endothelial function and dysfunction: testing and clinical relevance. Circulation 115, 1285-1295Dentelli, P., Trombetta, A., Togliatto, G., Zeoli, A., Rosso, A., Uberti, B., Orso, F., Taverna, D., Pegoraro, L., Brizzi, M.F. (2009) Formation of STAT5/PPARgamma transcriptional complex modulates angiogenic cell bioavailability in diabetes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 29, 114-120Enriori, P.J., Evans, A.E., Sinnayah, P., Jobst, E.E., Tonelli-Lemos, L., Billes, S.K., Glavas, M.M., Grayson, B.E., Perello, M., Nillni, E.A., Grove, K.L., Cowley, M.A. (2007) Diet-induced obesity causes severe but reversible leptin resistance in arcuate melanocortin neurons. Cell. Metab. 5, 181-194Fisher, E.A. (2010) Focus on Obesity. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 30, 135Fleissner, F., Thum, T. (2011) Critical role of the nitric oxide/reactive oxygen species balance in endothelial progenitor dysfunction. Antioxid Redox Signal. 15, 933-948Giannotti G., Doerries, C., Mocharla, P.S., Mueller, M.F., Bahlmann, F.H., Horvàth T., Jiang, H., Sorrentino, S.A., Steenken, N., Manes, C., Marzilli, M., Rudolph, K.L., Lüscher, T.F., Drexler, H., Landmesser, U. (2010) Impaired Endothelial Repair Capacity of Early Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Prehypertension - Relation to Endothelial Dysfunction. Hypertension 55, 1389-1379Glavas, M.M., Kirigiti, M.A., Xiao, X.Q., Enriori, P.J., Fisher, S.K., Evans, A.E., Grayson, B.E., Cowley, M.A., Smith, M.S., Grove, K.L. (2010) Early overnutrition results in early-onset arcuate leptin resistance and increased sensitivity to high-fat diet. Endocrinology 151, 1598-1610Heida, N-M., Müller, J.-P., Cheng, I.-F., Leifheit-Nestler, M., Faustin, V., Riggert, J., Hasenfuss, G., Konstantinides, S., Schäfer, K. (2010) Effects of Obesity and Weight Loss on the Functional Properties of Early Outgrowth Endothelial Progenitor Cells. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 55, 357-367Heida, N.M., Leifheit-Nestler, M., Schroeter, M.R., Müller, J.P., Cheng, I.F., Henkel, S., Limbourg, A., Limbourg, F.P., Alves, F., Quigley, J.P., Ruggeri, Z.M., Hasenfuss, G., Konstantinides, S., Schäfer, K. (2010) Leptin enhances the potency of circulating angiogenic cells via src kinase and integrin (alpha)vbeta5: implications for angiogenesis in human obesity. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 30, 200-206Heiss, C., Lauer, T., Dejam, A., Kleinbongard, P., Hamada, S., Rassaf, T., Matern, S., Feelisch, M., Kelm, M. (2006) Plasma nitroso compounds are decreased in patients with endothelial dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 47, 573-57935Heiss, C., Schanz, A., Amabile, N., Jahn, S., Chen, Q., Wong, M.L., Rassaf, T., Heinen, Y., Cortese-Krott, M., Grossman, W., Yeghiazarians, Y., Springer, M.L. (2010) Nitric oxide synthase expression and functional response to nitric oxide are both important modulators of circulating angiogenic cell response to angiogenic stimuli. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 30, 2212-2218Herrington, J., Carter-Su, C. (2001) Signaling pathways activated by the growth hormone receptor. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 12, 252-257Hirschi, K.K., Ingram, D.A., Yoder, M.C. (2008) Assessing identity, phenotype, and fate of endothelial progenitor cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 28, 1584-1595Iwasaki, H., Kovacic, J.C., Olive, M., Beers, J.K., Yoshimoto, T., Crook, M.F., Tonelli, L.H., Nabel, E.G. (2010) Disruption of protein arginine N-methyltransferase 2 regulates leptin signaling and produces leanness in vivo through loss of STAT3 methylation. Circ. Res. 107, 992-1001Jenkins, N.T., Landers, R.Q., Prior, S.J., Soni, N., Spangenburg, E.E., Hagberg, J.M. (2011) Effects of acute and chronic endurance exercise on intracellular nitric oxide and superoxide in circulating CD34⁺ and CD34⁻ cells. J Appl Physiol. 111, 929-937Juonala, M., Juhola, J., Magnussen, C.G., Würtz, P., Viikari, J.S., Thomson, R., Seppälä, I., Hernesniemi, J., Kähönen, M., Lehtimäki, T., Hurme, M., Telama, R., Mikkilä, V., Eklund, C., Räsänen, L., Hintsanen, M., Keltikangas-Järvinen, L., Kivimäki, M., Raitakari, O.T. (2011) Childhood environmental and genetic predictors of adulthood obesity: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96, E1542-E1549Khan, S.S., Solomon, M.A., McCoy, J.P. Jr. (2005) Detection of circulating endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells by flow cytometry. Cytometry B. Clin. Cytom. 64, 1-8Landmesser, U., Dikalov, S., Price, S.R., McCann, L., Fukai, T., Holland, S.M., Mitch, W.E., Harrison, D.G. (2003) Oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin leads to uncoupling of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase in hypertension. J Clin Invest. 111, 1201-1209Laufs, U., Werner, N., Link, A., Endres, M., Wassmann, S., Jürgens, K., Miche, E., Böhm, M., Nickenig, G. (2004) Physical training increases endothelial progenitor cells, inhibits neointima formation, and enhances angiogenesis. Circulation, 109, 220-226Lavie, C.J., Milani, R.V., Ventura, H.O. (2011) Impact of Obesity on Outcomes in Myocardial Infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 58, 2651-2653Li, M., Li, Z., Morris, D.L., Rui, L. (2007) Identification of SH2B2beta as an inhibitor for SH2B1- and SH2B2alpha-promoted Janus kinase-2 activation and insulin signaling. Endocrinology 148, 1615-1621Livak, K.J., Schmittgen, T.D. (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 25, 402-408Lobstein, T., Baur, L., Uauy, R.; IASO International Obesity TaskForce. (2004) Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health. 5, 4-10436Lockard, M.M., Witkowski, S., Jenkins, N.T., Spangenburg, E.E., Obisesan, T.O., Hagberg, J.M. (2010) Thrombin and exercise similarly influence expression of cell cycle genes in cultured putative endothelial progenitor cells. J Appl Physiol. 108, 1682-1690Moon, HS., Matarese, G., Brennan, A.M., Chamberland, J.P., Liu, X., Fiorenza, C.G., Mylvaganam, G.H., Abanni, L., Carbone, F., Williams, C.J., De Paoli, A.M., Schneider, B.E., Mantzoros, C.S. (2011) Efficacy of metreleptin in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: cellular and molecular pathways underlying leptin tolerance. Diabetes 60, 1647-1656Morris, D.L. en Rui, L. (2009) Recent advances in understanding leptin signaling and leptin resistance. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 297, E1247-E1259Must, A., Jacques, P.F., Dallal, G.E., Bajema, C.J., Dietz, W.H. (1992) Long-term morbidity and mortality of overweight adolescents. A follow-up of the Harvard Growth Study of 1922 to 1935. N Engl J Med 327, 1350-1355Naseem, K.M. (2005) The role of nitric oxide in cardiovascular diseases. Mol Aspects Med. 26, 33-65Ozcan, L., Ergin, A.S., Lu, A., Chung, J., Sarkar, S., Nie, D., Myers, M.G. Jr., Ozcan, U. (2009) Endoplasmic reticulum stress plays a central role in development of leptin resistance. Cell. Metab. 9, 35-51Raghuveer, G. (2010) Lifetime cardiovascular risk of childhood obesity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 91, 1514S-1519SReed, A.S., Unger, E.K., Olofsson, L.E., Piper, M.L., Myers, M.G. Jr., Xu, A.W. (2010) Functional role of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 upregulation in hypothalamic leptin resistance and long-term energy homeostasis. Diabetes 59, 894-906Rehman, J., Li, J., Orschell, C.M., March, K.L. (2003) Peripheral blood "endothelial progenitor cells" are derived from monocyte/macrophages and secrete angiogenic growth factors. Circulation 107, 1164-1169Sánchez, J., Priego, T., Picó, C., Ahrens, W., De Henauw, S., Fraterman, A., Mårild, S., Molnár, D., Moreno, L.A., Peplies, J., Russo, P., Siani, A., Tornaritis, M., Veidebaum, T., Palou, A. (2012) Blood Cells as a Source of Transcriptional Biomarkers of Childhood Obesity and Its Related Metabolic Alterations: Results of the IDEFICS Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97, 0-0Sarigianni, M., Bekiari, E., Tsapas, A., Kaloyianni, M., Koliakos, G., Paletas, K. (2010) Effect of leptin and insulin resistance on properties of human monocytes in lean and obese healthy participants. Angiology 61, 768-774Takahashi, T., Kalka, C., Masuda, H., Chen, D., Silver, M., Kearney, M., Magner, M., Isner, J.M., Asahara, T. (1999) Ischemia- and cytokine-induced mobilization of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells for neovascularization. Nat Med. 5, 434-438Tarzami, S.T., Wang, G., Li, W., Green, L., Singh, J.P. (2006) Thrombin and PAR-1 stimulate differentiation of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells. J Thromb Haemost. 4, 656-66337Thomas, D.D., Ridnour, L.A., Isenberg, J.S., Flores-Santana, W., Switzer, C.H., Donzelli, S., Hussain, P., Vecoli, C., Paolocci, N., Ambs, S., Colton, C.A., Harris, C.C., Roberts, D.D., Wink, D.A. (2008) The chemical biology of nitric oxide: implications in cellular signaling. Free Radic Biol Med. 45, 18-31Thum, T., Tsikas, D., Frölich, J.C., Borlak, J. (2003) Growth hormone induces eNOS expression and nitric oxide release in a cultured human endothelial cell line. FEBS Lett. 555, 567-571Thum, T., Hoeber, S., Froese, S., Klink, I., Stichtenoth, D.O., Galuppo, P., Jakob, M., Tsikas, D., Anker, S.D., Poole-Wilson, P.A., Borlak, J., Ertl, G., Bauersachs, J. (2007) Age-dependent impairment of endothelial progenitor cells is corrected by growth-hormone-mediated increase of insulin-like growth-factor-1. Circ Res. 100, 434-443Tups, A. (2009) Physiological Models of Leptin Resistance. J. Neuroendocrinol. 21, 961-971Umar, S., van der Laarse, A. (2010) Nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase isoforms in the normal, hypertrophic, and failing heart. Mol Cell Biochem. 333, 191-201Van Craenenbroeck, E.M., Hoymans, V.Y., Beckers, P.J., Possemiers, N.M., Wuyts, K., Paelinck, B.P., Vrints, C.J., Conraads, V.M. (2010) Exercise training improves function of circulating angiogenic cells in patients with chronic heart failure. Basic Res. Cardiol. 105, 665-676Vasa, M., Fichtlscherer, S., Aicher, A., Adler, K., Urbich, C., Martin, H., Zeiher, A.M., Dimmeler, S. (2001) Number and migratory activity of circulating endothelial progenitor cells inversely correlate with risk factors for coronary artery disease. Circ Res. 89, E1-7Wannamethee, S.G., Sharper, A.G., Whincup, P.H., Lennon, L., Sattar, N. (2011) Obesity and Risk of Incident Heart Failure in Older Men With and Without Pre-Existing Coronary Heart Disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 58, 1870-1877Witkowski, S., Jenkins, N.T., Hagberg, J.M. (2011) Enhancing treatment for cardiovascular disease: exercise and circulating angiogenic cells. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 39, 93-101Wolk, R., Berger, P., Lennon, R.J., Brilakis, E.S., Somers, V.K. (2003) Body mass index: a risk factor for unstable angina and myocardial infarction in patients with angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease. Circulation 108, 2206-2211Yoon, C.H., Hur, J., Park, K.W., Kim, J.H., Lee, C.S., Oh, I.Y., Kim, T.Y., Cho, H.J., Kang, H.J., Chae, I.H., Yang, H.K., Oh, B.H., Park, Y.B., Kim, H.S. (2005) Synergistic neovascularization by mixed transplantation of early endothelial progenitor cells and late outgrowth endothelial cells: the role of angiogenic cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. Circulation 112, 1618-1627
Yusuf, S., Hawken, S., Ounpuu, S., Bautista, L., Franzosi, M.G., Commerford, P., Lang, C.C., Rumboldt, Z., Onen, C.L., Lisheng, L., Tanomsup, S., Wangai, P. Jr., Razak, F., Sharma, A.M., Anand, S.S.; INTERHEART Study Investigators. (2005) Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries: a case-control study. Lancet 366, 1640-1649