De Interactie tussen Predator en Prooi in een Opwarmend Klimaat: een Ongelijke Strijd?

Maarten

Van den Broeck

Verbrand je meer calorieën bij warmer weer?

De warme nazomer van september 2011 roept een vakantiegevoel op: lekker luieren, een boekje lezen op een bankje in de zon of een terrasje doen. Warm weer geeft ons een ontspannen gevoel… maar dat is niet voor alle dieren het geval. Terwijl mensen en andere (warmbloedige) dieren passiever worden bij hogere temperaturen, zullen koudbloedige dieren, zoals zoetwaterorganismen en andere insecten, juist actiever worden wanneer hun omgeving opwarmt.

Zonnebaden

Zoetwaterorganismen (bijvoorbeeld libellen, waterjuffers en watervlooien, maar ook vissen, kikkers en salamanders) zijn koudbloedige dieren. Daarmee wordt bedoeld dat deze soorten niet zelf voor hun lichaamswarmte zorgen, maar dat hun lichaamstemperatuur wordt bepaald door de omgevingstemperatuur. Wordt deze warmer, zal ook de temperatuur van het organisme stijgen. Voor deze soorten is het dus van groot belang dat zij plaatsen kunnen opzoeken met de geschikte omgevingstemperatuur, bijvoorbeeld door te zonnebaden. Ook door klimaatsverandering kunnen dergelijke soorten nieuwe habitatten verkennen.

Klimaatsverandering simuleren voor dummies

Om na te gaan of zoetwaterorganismen actiever worden (en dus meer calorieën verbranden) bij warmer weer, werd gekeken hoeveel prooidieren een bepaald roofdier kon opeten in een bepaalde tijd. Er werden roofdieren (waterjuffers) geplaatst bij prooidieren (watervlooien), elk van verschillende afkomst, waarbij verschillende klimaatsscenario’s werden getest. Elk dier heeft namelijk zijn eigen optimale omgevingstemperatuur, die verschillend is per herkomst van elk organisme. Om klimaatsverandering te kunnen simuleren werden een aantal combinaties met Franse, Belgische en Zweedse dieren uitgevoerd. Zo werden onder andere waterjuffers van Franse afkomst bij watervlooien van Belgische afkomst gestopt. De klimaatsverandering voorspelt namelijk tegen het einde van deze eeuw een temperatuurstijging van 4°C in onze streken. Dit zou kunnen betekenen dat soorten vanuit Frankrijk naar hier migreren, omdat ze zich hier beter gaan voelen dan in hun land van herkomst.

Onvoorziene omstandigheden

En wat bleek? Roofdieren die in een omgeving werden geplaatst die 4°C warmer was dan de normale omgevingstemperatuur, bleken tot 30% meer prooidieren te eten. Ze gingen actiever op zoek naar prooien en konden ze veel sneller verscheuren. Bovendien aten de roofdieren meer wanneer deze in contact kwamen met prooien die ze niet gewoon waren: een aanwijzing dat ‘vreemde’ roofdieren voor onverwachte gevolgen kunnen zorgen door klimaatsverandering. Door de opwarming van de aarde kunnen geïmmigreerde roofdieren bij ons namelijk lelijk huishouden in de voedselketens, met vaak onvoorziene gevolgen voor mens, natuur en milieu.

Predator vs. prey

De interactie tussen roofdier en prooidier is sinds het ontstaan van beide soorten aan de gang, maar de recente inzichten omtrent de klimaatsverandering werpen nieuw licht op de zaak. Maakt de opwarming van de aarde een ongelijke strijd van de prooi/roofdier - interactie? Hun verhaal krijgt alleszins nog een staartje.

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