Product and market diversification among Japanese multinational enterprises

Ken
Steenlandt

Facebook: big business in de jaren 70 

 Facebook is in zijn essentie niet nieuw, de basisfunctie is: mensen laten netwerken. Wat het onderscheidt van de rest is: mensen in contact brengen die elkaar kennen. Laat dit nu het principe zijn van de keiretsu, simpelweg een facebook van Japanse ondernemingen die in informeel contact met elkaar opereren. Hun start op het internationaal podium kennen ze in de jaren 70, toen ze de rijzende sterren waren onder de noemer kaisha: de grote Japanse ondernemingen.  In plaats van administratieve rompslomp, was een woord genoeg als garantie. Dit zorgt ervoor dat deze bedrijven veel korter op de bal speelden. Een gemeenschappelijk doel voor ogen hadden en dat ze als een land groeiden, niet enkel enkele als grote bedrijfsspelers. Dit uitte zich op ieder niveau: geen massale ontslagen, vakbonden gegroepeerd per bedrijf in plaats van sector, .. Alles liep gesmeerd tot een eerste financiële crisis Japan raakte en de groei op een stop bracht.  In het kielzog van dit eiland kwamen landen als Korea (Samsung, L.G.) en China (Huawei, Lenovo). Deze volgden een analoog pad van Japan en zijn nu ook niet meer uit ons leven te denken. Toch is Japan lang niet uitgeteld, het is nog altijd de derde grootste industriële macht en brengt belangrijke bijdrages tot technologische innovaties. Het leek in dit licht interessant om te achterhalen wat een sleutel van het mogelijke succes zou kunnen zijn en in welke mate de keiretsu een rol spelen in dit verhaal.  Het komt eigenlijk neer op het volgende: helpt het de juiste mensen kennen of doe je het beter alleen? Dit hebben we gekoppeld aan het overkoepelend onderwerp: diversificatie. Diversificatie is het verkopen van verschillende goederen, diensten of het verkopen in verschillende landen. Het is al jaren een twistpaal tussen verschillende economische stromingen. We nemen de keiretsu bedrijven als maatstaf voor een gediversifieerd bedrijf. De keiretsu is onderverdeeld in acht grote families, waaronder de alom bekende Mitsubishi keiretsu.  Eerst hebben we hetgeen alreeds geschreven over diversificatie, keiretsu en zakendoen in Japan doorgenomen. Daar sprak er veel elkaar tegen, maar het toonde wel aan dat er flink cultuurverschil is tussen de Westerse en Japanse bedrijfssfeer. Dan hebben we een set van intuïtieve berekeningen verricht op data verkregen via Bureau Van Dijk. We werkten op basis van omzet en winstcijfers van de keiretsu bedrijven en gewone bedrijven van de top 250 best presterende Japanse bedrijven.  We namen 2001 als een basisjaar en bekeken de evoluties over de tijdsperiode van een decennia lang. Daaruit bleek dat keiretsu bedrijven groter waren, maar minder sterk groeiden dan andere bedrijven. Degene die in de best presterende sectoren zaten, niet de best presterende keiretsu waren, in tegendeel. Het kwam er op neer dat er geen duidelijkheid was buiten: keiretsu bedrijven groeien, maar minder sterk dan andere bedrijven. Een situatie analoog met het verschil tussen het ontwikkelende Westen en groeiende Oosten.  Dus zijn we er nu niet wijzer op geworden? Eigenlijk wel. Het toont aan dat zich richten op meerdere producten of markten niet negatief hoeft te zijn. Wat het ook laat zien is dat een fenomeen diepgeworteld in een cultuur zit, dezer dagen ook nog een meerwaarde kan betekenen. Wij, het Westen, ook kunnen leren van het Oosten, zoals zij immers van ons geleerd hebben.  Bovenal is het ook een aanzet tot verder onderzoek, want landen als Zuid-Korea kennen een structuur analoog met het keiretsu verhaal. Misschien blijkt het wel een sleutel tot competitief succes te zijn, want vergeet niet: Japan is een land in ongunstige economische omstandigheden, die zich kan meten met de allergrootsten .. 

Bibliografie

  •  Abegglen, J. C., & Stalk JR., G. (1988). Kaisha. De Grote Japanse Onderneming. A.W. Sijthoff’s Uitgeversmaatschappij bv. 
  • Adams, W., & Mueller, H. (1988). The Steel Industry. In Adams, W. (Ed.). The Structure of American Industry (p. 90). New York: Macmillan. 
  • Agarwal, S., & Ramaswami, S. N. (1992). Choice of foreign market entry mode: Impact of ownership, location and internationalization factors. Journal of International Business Studies, 23 (1), 1-27. 
  • Ammann, M., & Oesch, D., & Schmid, M. M. (2011). Corporate governance and firm value: International evidence. Journal of Empirical Finance, 18 (1), 36-55. 
  • Amihud, Y., & Lev, B. (1981). Risk reduction as a managerial motive for conglomerate mergers. Bell Journal of Economics, 12 (2), 605-617. 
  • Andersen, O. (1993). On the internationalization process of firms: A critical analysis. Journal of International Business Studies, 24 (2), 209-231. 
  • Anonymous, A. (2010, November 13). China buys up the world. The Economist, 11. 
  • Anonymous, C. (2009). How To Write A Problem Statement. Retrieved from http://www.ceptara.com/blog/how-to-write-problem-statement 
  • Anonymous, (2009). Keiretsu. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiretsu 
  • Anonymous, (2004). Zaibatsu and keiretsu – Understanding Japanese enterprise groups. Retrieved from http://instruct.uwo.ca/economics/317b-570/Zaibatsu%20Summary.doc 
  • Aoyama, Y. (2000). Networks, keiretsu, and locations of the Japanese electronics industry in Asia. Environment and Planning A, 32 (2), 223-244. 
  • Avery, C., & Chevalier, J. C., & Schaefer, S. (1998). Why do managers undertake acquisitions? An analysis of internal and external rewards for acquisitiveness. Journal of Law, Economics & Organization, 14 (1), 22-43. 
  • Banga, R. (2003). The Export-Diversifying Impact of Japanese and U.S. Foreign Direct Investments in Indian Manufacturing Sector. Retrieved from http://www.icrier.org/pdf/110.pdf 
  • Baron, D. P. (1997). Integrated strategy and international trade disputes: The Kodak-Fujifilm case. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, (6) 1, 291-346. 
  • Bartlett, C. & Ghoshal, S. & Beamish, P. (2008). Transnational Management. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). 
  • Bazerman, M., & Samuelson, W. (1983). I won the auction but don’t want the prize. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 27 (4), 618-634. 
  • Belderbos, R., & Banri, I., & Wakasugi, R. (2008). Intra-firm Technology Transfer and R&D in Foreign Affiliates: 
  • Substitutes or Complements? Evidence from Japanese Multinational Firms. Retrieved from http://www.merit.unu.edu/publications/wppdf/2008/wp2008-045.pdf 
  • Bell, J. (1995). The internationalization of small computer software firms: A further challenge to stage theories. European Journal of Marketing, 29 (8), 66-75. 
  • Besanko, D. & Dranove, D. & Shanley, M., Schaefer, S. (2010). Economics of Strategy International Student Version. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 
  • Bettis, R. A. (1981). Performance differences in related and unrelated diversifiers. Strategic Management Journal, 2 (4), 327 – 343. 
  • Bliss, R., & Rosen, R. (2001). CEO compensation and bank mergers. Journal of Financial Economics, 61 (1), 107-138. 
  • Bowman, R. G., & Chan, K. F., & Comer, M. R. (2010). Diversification, Rationality and the Asian Economic Crisis. 
  • Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 18 (1), 1-23. 
  • Brush, T. H. (1996). Predicted change in operational synenergy and post-acquisition performance of acquired businesses. Strategic Management Journal, 17 (1), 1-24. 
  • Capar, N. (2009). An analysis of the relationships between international diversification, product diversification, firm resources and performance. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, 1-6. 
  • Capon, N.,& Hulbert, J. M., & Farley, J. U., & Martin, L. E. (1988). Corporate diversity and economic performance: The impact of market specialization. Strategic Management Journal, 9 (1), 61 – 74. 
  • Cargill, T. F., & Sakamoto, T. (2008). Japan since 1980. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
  • Carpenter, R. E., & Petersen, B. C. (2002). Is the growth of small firms constrained by internal finance? The Review of Economics and Statistics, 84 (2), 298-309. 
  • Charreaux, G., & Desbrières, P. (2001). Corporate governance: Stakeholder value versus shareholder value. Journal of Management and Governance, 5 (2), 107-128. 
  • Chen, C.R., & Guo, W., & Tay, N.S.P. (2010). Are member firms of corporate groups less risky? Financial Management, 39 (1), 59-82. 
  • Conner, K.R. (1991). A historical comparison of resource-based theory and five schools of thought within 
  • industrial organization economics: do we have a new theory of the firm? Journal of Management, 17 (1), 121–154. 
  • Corsi, A., & Borsotto, P., & Borri, I., & Strom, S. (2009). Diversification of the marketing chains among organic producers. Retrieved from http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/51422/2/Diversification%20IAAE.pd…;
  • Christensen, H. K., & Montgomery, C. A. (1981). Corporate economic performance: Diversification strategy versus market structure. Strategic Management Journal, 2 (4), 327 – 343. 
  • Douthett, E.B., & Jung, K., & Kwak, W. (2004). Japanese corporate groupings (keiretsu) and the characteristics of analyst’s forecasts. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 23 (2), 79-98. 
  • Driscoll, A. (1995). Foreign market entry methods: A mode choice framework. In Paliwoda, S. J., & Ryans, J. K. (Eds.). International Marketing Reader. London: Routledge. 
  • Drucker, P.F. (2001). The Essential Drucker. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. 
  • Eun, C. S., & Resnick, B. G. (1991). International diversification of investment portfolios: U.S. & Japanese perspectives. Retrieved from http://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&conte…;
  • Ehling, P., & Ramos, S. B. (2005). Geographic versus industry diversification: Constraints matter. Retrieved from http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp425.pdf 
  • Erramilli, M. K., & Rao, C. P. (1993). Service firms international entry-mode choice: A modified transaction-cost analysis approach. Journal of Marketing, 57 (3), 19-38. 
  • Figge, F.T. (2004). Stakeholder value matrix – Die Verbindung zwischen Shareholder Value and Stakeholder Value. Retrieved from http://129.3.20.41/eps/othr/papers/0408/0408010.pdf 
  • Fukuda, S., & Munehisa, K., & Kentaro, A. (2006). The role of trade credit for small firms: An implication from 
  • Japan’s banking crisis. Retrieved from http://hermes-ir.lib.hit-u.ac.jp/rs/bitstream/10086/13515/1/wp2006-9a.p…;
  • Fukui, Y., & Ushijima, T. (2006). Corporate Diversification, Performance, and Restructuring in the Largest Japanese Manufacturers. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 21 (3), 303-323. 
  • Hayashi, Y. (2010, November 8). Japanese leader launches trade push. The Wall Street Journal, p. 8. 
  • Gemba, K., & Kodama, F. (2001). Diversification Dynamics of the Japanese Industry. Research Policy, 30 (8), 1165-1184. 
  • Geringer, J. M., & Tallman, S., & Olsen, D. M. (2000). Product and international diversification among Japanese multinational firms. Strategic Management Journal, 21 (1), 51-80. 
  • Geroski, P.A., (1991). Market Dynamics and Entry. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd. 
  • Godrej, A. (2004). Creating value at a conglomerate: the case of the Godrej group. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 16 (1), 77-82. 
  • Goold, M., & Luchs, K. (1993). Why diversify? Four decades of management thinking. Academy of Management Executive, 7 (3), 7 – 25. 
  • Gurau, C. (2002). The internationalization process of UK biopharmaceutical SME’s. Journal of American Academy of Business, 2 (1), 241-247. 
  • Hennart, J. F., & Reddy, S. (1997). The Choice Between Mergers/Acquisitions and Joint Ventures: The Case Of Japanese Investors in The United States. Retrieved from http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=44952 
  • Hermalin, B. E., & Weisbach, M. S. (1998). Endogeneously chosen boards of directors and their monitoring of the CEO. American Economic Review, 88 (1), 96-118. 
  • Hirao, T. (2007). Diversification and Labour Strategy of a Japanese Textile Maker: A Case Study of Practical Use 
  • of Human Resources as Intellectual Skills. Retrieved from http://www.cm.hit-u.ac.jp/coe/seika/WP/HJBS_WP_040.pdf 
  • Holmstrom, B., & Kaplan, S. (2001). Corporate governance and merger activity in the U.S.: Making sense of the 1980s and 1990s. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15 (2), 121-144. 
  • Horie, S. (2010). Does diversification still make sense for Japanese equity fund managers? Retrieved from www.nri.co.jp/english/opinion/lakyara/2010/pdf/lkr201088.pdf 
  • Isobe, T., & Makino, S., & Goerzen, A. (2005). Falling down together? Japanese keiretsu and the performance impacts of affiliation. Retrieved from: http://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:kob:dpaper:171 
  • Jacoby, S. M. (2001). Corporate Governance in Comparative Perspective: Prospects for Convergence. Retrieved from http://econ161.berkeley.edu/Teaching_Folder/Econ_210c_spring_2002/Readi…;
  • Jensen, M. C. (1989). The eclipse of the public corporation. Harvard Business Review, September-October, 61-74. 
  • Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. (1977). The internationalization process of the firm: A model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8 (1), 23-32. 
  • Johanson, J., & Wiedersheim-Paul, F. (1975). The internationalization process of the firm: Four Swedish cases. 
  • Journal of Management Studies, 12, 305-322. 
  • Jones, G. (1996). Diversification Strategies and Corporate Governance in Trading Companies: Anglo-JapaneseComparisons since the Late Nineteenth Century. Retrieved from http://www.h-net.org/~business/bhcweb/publications/BEHprint/v025n2/p010…;
  • Jones, G.R., & Hill, C.W.L., (1988). Transaction cost analysis of strategy-structure choice. Strategic Management Journal, 9 (2), 159–172. 
  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47 (2), 263-292. 
  • Kaplan, S. (1989). The effects of management buyouts on operations and value. Journal of Financial Economics, 24 (2), 217-254. 
  • Kaplan, S., & Stein, J. (1993). The evolution of buyout pricing and financial structure in the 1980s. Quarterly 
  • Journal of Economics, 108 (2), 313-358. 
  • Kogut, B., & Singh, H. (1988). The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode. Journal of 
  • International Business Studies, 19 (3), 411 – 432. 
  • Kumar, M. V. S. (2009). The relationship between product and international diversification: the effects of short-run constraints and endogeneity. Strategic Management Journal, 30 (1), 99-116. 
  • Kruse, T. A., & Park, H. Y., & Park K., & Suzuki, K. (2007). Long-term performance following mergers of Japanese companies: The effect of diversification and affiliation. Retrieved from http://kgsmweb.kaist.ac.kr/bcgl/paper/KruseHYParkKWParkSuzukiPBFJ07.pdf…;
  • Laeven, L., & Levine, R. (2007). Is there a diversification discount in financial conglomerates? Journal of Financial Economics, 85 (2), 331-367. 
  • Lamont, O. (1997). Cash flow and investment: Evidence from internal capital markets. Journal of Finance, 52 (1), 83-109. 
  • Leten, B., & Belderbos, R., & Van Looy, B. (2007). Technological Diversification, Coherence and Performance of 
  • Firms. Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1102024_code444941.pdf?…;
  • Lincoln, J.R., & Guillot, D. (2011). Business groups, networks, and embeddedness: innovation and implementation alliances in Japanese electronics, 1985-1998. Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/35g695gn 
  • Lobo, B. J., & Henley, J. A. (2004). Can socio-cultural factors aid in the understanding of economic problems? The case of Japan. Global Business and Economics Review, 6 (2), 230-238. 
  • Lunsford, D. A., & LaForge, R. W. (1992). Product Diversification and Firm Development: an Empirical Examination of Contingency Relationships. Journal of Marketing Management, 2 (1), 13-26. 
  • Lyandres, E. (2007). Strategic Cost of Diversification. Review of Financial Studies, 20 (6), 1901-1940. 
  • Madhok, A. (1997). Cost, value and foreign market entry mode: the transaction and the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 18 (1), 39-61. 
  • Maksimovic, V., & Philips, G. M. (2008). The industry life cycle: acquisitions and investment: does firm organization matter? Journal of Finance, 63 (2), 673-708. 
  • Manganelli, S., & Popov, A. (2010). Finance and diversification. Retrieved from: http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp1259.pdf 
  • Manne, H. (1965). Mergers and the market for corporate control. Journal of Political Economy, 73 (2), 110-120. 
  • Marber, A. S., & Kooros, S. K. (1997). The Japanese Multi-Staged Diversification And Pricing Strategies, Relevant To The Luxury Car Market. Retrieved from http://www.sbaer.uca.edu/Research/sma/1997/PDF/31.pdf 
  • Maruyama, M., & Ohkita, K. (2011). Platform strategy of video game software in Japan, 1984–1994: theory and evidence. Managerial and Decision Economics, 32 (2), 105-118. 
  • Masahiko, A., & Gustafsson, B., & Williamson, O. E., (1990). The Firms as a Nexus of Treaties (Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences). California: SAGE Publications. 
  • Meyer, M., & Milgrom, P., & Roberts, J. (1992). Organizational prospects, influence costs and ownership. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 1 (1), 9-35. 
  • Mitchell, M., & Lehn, K. (1990). Do bad bidders become good targets? Journal of Political Economy, 98 (2), 372-392. 
  • Miwa, Y., & Ramseyer, J. M. (2002). The Fable of Keiretsu. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 11 (2), 169-224. 
  • Miyazawa, K. (2001). Continuous casting of steels in Japan. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2, 59-65. 
  • Mizoguchi, S., & Ohashi, T., & Saeki, T. (1981). Continuous casting of steel. Annual Review of Materials Science, 11, 151-169. 
  • Montgomery, C. A. (1982). The measurement of firm diversification: Some new empirical evidence. Academy of Management Journal, 25 (2), 299 – 307. 
  • Montgomery, C. A., (1985). Product - Market Diversification and Market Power. Academy of Management Journal, 28 (4), 789-798. 
  • Morck, R., & Yeung, B. (1997). Why investors sometimes value size and diversification: the internalization theory of synergy. Retrieved from http://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:mie:wpaper:411 
  • Morita, H. (2004). Impacts of the information-technology revolution on Japanese manufacturer-supplier relationships. Retrieved from http://129.3.20.41/eps/io/papers/0207/0207009.pdf 
  • Murphy, K. J. (2000). Executive compensation. In Ashenfelter, O., & Card, D. (Eds.). The Handbook of Labor Economics. Amsterdam: North-Holland. 
  • Nakamura, M. (2011). Adaption and policy implications of Japan’s new corporate governance practices after the reform. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 28 (1), 187-213. 
  • Narasimhan, R., & Kim, S. W. (2002). Effect of Supply Chain Integration on the Relationship Between Diversification and Performance: evidence from Japanese and Korean firms. Journal of Operations Management, 20 (3), 303-323. 
  • Nadiri, M. I., & Prucha, I. R. (1991). Comparison and analysis of productivity growth and R&D investment in the 
  • electrical machinery industries of the United States and Japan. In Hulten, C. R. (Ed.). Productivity growth in Japan and the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 
  • Nathanson, D., & Cassano, J. (1982). Organization, diversity, and performance. The Wharton Magazine, 6 (4), 19-26. 
  • Nicolaou, C. A., & Spencer, B. J. (1975). Product Diversification and the Multiproduct Firm. Southern Economic Journal, 42 (1), 1-10. 
  • Odagiri, H. (1994). Growth through competition, competition through growth: Strategic management and the economy in Japan. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
  • Ozawa, T. (1995). Dynamic industrial policy and flexible production: toward a technostructural-evolutionary paradigm of MITI’s role. Revue d’Economie Industrielle, 71 (1), 39-59. 
  • Palich, L., & Cardinal, L., & Miller, C. (2000). Curvilinearity in the diversification-performance linkage: An examination of over three decades of research. Strategic Management Journal, 21 (2), 155 – 174. 
  • Paprzycki, R. (2007). The determinants of and prospects for foreign direct investment in Japan. Retrieved from http://hi-stat.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/research/discussion/2007/pdf/D07-211.pdf…;
  • Peng, M.W., & Lee, S-H, & Tan, J.J. (2001). The keiretsu in Asia: implications for multilevel theories of competitive advantage. Journal of International Management, 7 (4), 253-276. 
  • Penrose, E. (1995). The theory of the growth of the firm. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
  • Philips, G. M, & Maksimovic, V. (1998). Optimal firm size and the growth of conglomerate and single-industry firms. Retrieved from http://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:cen:wpaper:98-14 
  • Philips, G. M, & Maksimovic, V. (1999). Do conglomerate firms allocate resources inefficiently? Retrieved from http://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:cen:wpaper:99-11 
  • Piscitello, L. (2000). Relatedness and Coherence in Technological and Product Diversification of the World’s Largest firms. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 11 (3), 295-315. 
  • Porter, M.E. (1985). Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. London: Collier Macmillan Publishers 
  • Prahlad, C. K., & Bettis, R. A. (1986). The dominant logic: A new linkage between diversity and performance. Strategic Management Journal, 7 (6), 485-501. 
  • Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G. (1990). The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review 68 (3), 79–91. 
  • Qian, G., & Li, J. (2002). Multinationality, Global Market Diversification and Profitability Among the Largest US Firms. Journal of Business Research, 55 (4), 325-335. 
  • Qian, G., & Khoury, T. A., & Peng, M. W., & Qian, Z. (2010). The Performance Implications of Intra- and Inter-Regional Geographic Diversification. Retrieved from http://www.utdallas.edu/~mikepeng/documents/Peng10SMJQianKhouryQian.pdf…;
  • Ueda, K. (2010). Japan’s bubble, America’s bubble and China’s bubble. Retrieved from http://www.cirje.e.u-tokyo.ac.jp/research/dp/2010/2010cf774.pdf 
  • Rawley, E. (2009). Diversification, Coordination Costs and Organizational Rigidity: Evidence from Microdata. Retrieved from http://www-management.wharton.upenn.edu/rawley/docs/Diversification-Coo…;
  • Reasons for Diversification. Retrieved from http://www.openlearningworld.com/olw/courses/books/Corporate%20Strategi…;
  • Reich, R. (1983). The Next American Frontier. New York: Times Books. 
  • Reilly, R. F., & Schweihs, R. P. (1998). Valuing intangible assets. New York: R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company. 
  • Rosen, S. (1992). Contracts and the market for executives. In Werin, L., & Wijkander, H. (Eds.). Contract Economics. Cambridge: Blackwell. 
  • Rumelt, R. P. (1982). Diversification Strategy and Profitability. Strategic Management Journal, 3 (4), 359-369. 
  • Saunders, M., & Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2008). Methoden en technieken van onderzoek. Amsterdam: Pearson Education Benelux. 
  • Schclarek, A. (2006). Industry diversification, financial development and productivity enhancing investments. Retrieved from http://www.nek.lu.se/publications/workpap/Papers/WP06_19.pdf 
  • Schoar, A. (2002). Effects of corporate diversification on productivity. Journal of finance, 57 (6), 2379 – 2493. 
  • Shleifer, A., & Summers, L. H. (1988). Breach of trust in hostile takeovers. In Auerbach, A. J. (Ed.). Corporate Takeovers: Causes and Consequences (pp. 33-68). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 
  • Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1986). Large shareholders and corporate control. Journal of Political Economy, 94 (3), 461-468. 
  • Stein, J. C. (2003). Agency, information and corporate investment. In Constantinides, G., & Harris, M., & Stultz, 
  • R. M. (Eds.). Handbook of the Economics of Finance (pp. 111-153). Amsterdam: North-Holland. 
  • Teece, D. J. (1982). Toward an economic theory of the multiproduct firm. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 3 (1), 39-63. 
  • Turnbull, P. W. (1987). A challenge to the stages theory of the internationalization process. In Rosson, P. J., & 
  • Reid, S. D. (Eds.). Managing Export Entry and Expansion (pp. 21-40). New York: Praeger. 
  • Wako, T., & Ohta, H. (2005). Who benefits from corroding keiretsu? Pacific Economic Review, 10 (4), 539-556. 
  • Weir, M. (2010, November 8). Honda puts power fears out to grass. The Wall Street Journal, p. 3. 
  • Whitley, R., & Kelly, W., & Sharpe, D. (2003). The changing Japanese multinational: Application, adaption and learning in car manufacturing and financial services. Journal of Management Studies, 40 (3), 643-672. 
  • Wiersema, M.F., & Bowen, H.P. (2005). Corporate diversification: the impact of foreign competition, industry 
  • globalization and product diversification. Retrieved from http://www.vlerick.be/en/2620-VLK/version/default/ ... /vlgms-wp-2005-6.pdf 
  • Wu, D., & Zhao, F. (2007). Entry modes for international markets: Case study of Huawei, a Chinese technology enterprise. International Review of Business Research Papers, 3 (1), 183-196. 
  • Wu, XP., & Sercu, P., & Chen, C. (2000). Keiretsu membership, firm size and corporate returns on value and cost. Retrieved from https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/102913/1/OR_0042.pdf 
  • Xiang, C. (2007). Diversification Cones, Trade Costs and Factor Market Linkages. Journal of International Economics, 71 (2), 448-466. 
  • Yaginuma, H. (1993). The Keiretsu Issue. Japanese Economy, 21 (3), 3-48. 
  • Yamada, T., & Liu, G. G. (1997). Value-added productivity of manufacturing industries in Japan. Applied Economics, 29 (10), 1317-1324. 
  • Yamashita, M. (2005). Japanese Labor-management Relations in an Era of Diversification of Employment Types: 
  • Diversifying Workers and the Role of Labor Unions. Retrieved from http://www.jil.go.jp/english/JLR/documents/2005/JLR05_yamashita.pdf 
  • Yokoyama, H. (2007). Business Diversification Strategies in U.S. and Japanese Electric Utilities. Retrieved from http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/us-japan/research/pdf/07-16.Yokoyama.pdf&n…;
  • Yoshimaru, T. (2007). New diversification strategies for the Japanese alcohol industry. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39536 
  • Yoshiro, M. (1998). Market and marketization: from the Japanese experience. Retrieved from http://www.cirje.e.u-tokyo.ac.jp/research/dp/98/cf1/contents.htm 
Download scriptie (1.22 MB)
Universiteit of Hogeschool
Odisee
Thesis jaar
2011